AMERICAN YOGA TIMELINE:
in brief, along with other significant and not so significant events (1784-1980)
1784 Hannah Adams, An Alphabetical Compendium of the Various Sects Which Have Appeared from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Present Day, includes 30 pages on Hinduism
1785 Beginning of direct trade between India and the US. EIC “writer” Charles Wilkins translates the Bhagavad Gita into English
1789 English scholar and EIC employee William “Oriental” Jones publishes his translation of Kalidasa’s Sacontala; or the Fatal Ring: an Indian Drama (the first Indian drama translated into a foreign language). He calls Kalidasa the “Shakespeare of India” and praises the play as “one of the greatest curiosities that the literature of Asia has yet brought to light.”
1790 Thomas Jefferson acquires a copy of Jones’s translation. By 1792 copies are available in the Harvard University Library and the Cleveland Public Library.
1790 The earliest recorded sighting of Indian native in US. The Unitarian minister William Bentley of Salem, MA, writes in his diary that he had:
... the pleasure of seeing for the first time a native of the Indies from Madras. He is of very dark complexion [sic], long straight black hair, soft countenance, tall, and well proportioned. He is said to be darker than Indians in general of his own cast [sic] ...
1799 Joseph Priestley, Comparison of the Institutions of Moses with Those of the Hindoos and Other Ancient Nations, usually credited with being the first study of comparative religion, although Hannah Adams’ Compendium was published 15 years earlier.
1805 Act 1 of Shakuntala published in the literary journal The Monthly Anthology and Boston Review (a forerunner of the North American Review). It’s the first time an English translation of a Sanskrit work (made by William Jones) is printed in the US. Among its contributors is Unitarian minister William Emerson (1769-1811), Ralph Waldo’s father. William had a keen interest in India, as did his sister Mary Moody Emerson, who’s credited with passing this interest on to favorite nephew Ralph Waldo.
1812 The first American Protestant missionaries leave for India.
ca. 1813-1818 Former President John Adams studies Hinduism.
1816 Ram Mohan Roy translates the Isa Upanishad into English, the first Indian to translate a Sanskrit work into English
1833 The first shipment of ice leaves the US for Calcutta. Exported by the “Ice King,” Frederick Tudor (brother of William Tudor, co-founder of The Monthly Anthology), the ice is wrapped in felt and packed in pine sawdust aboard the SS Tuscany
1836-1866 The Transcendental Movement flourishes in Concord, MA. Members include RW Emerson and HD Thoreau, Unitarian Minister James Freeman Clark, teacher and philosopher Amos Bronson Alcott, and Margaret Fuller. Their major influence is the spiritual literature of India.
1842 American Oriental Society founded, now studies philology, literary criticism, textual criticism, paleography, epigraphy, linguistics, biography, archaeology, and the history of the intellectual and imaginative aspects of Oriental civilizations, especially of philosophy, religion, folklore and art
1842-1843 Emerson (assisted by Thoreau) edits The Dial, a Transcendentalist magazine. In a regular column, “Ethnical Scriptures,” he publishes selections from the Hitopadesha and the Laws of Manu.
1845? Emerson borrows a copy of Bhagavad Gita from a friend (biographer and literary executor) James Elliot Cabot. Holds onto copy as long as he can. He writes to Cabot: “I have tried to once or twice to send it home, but each time decided to strain a little your courteous professions that you could supply your occasional use of the book from the Library.” Finally returns book September 1845, only after his copy from London arrives, sent by John Chapman, to whom he had written the previous May, requesting the Wilkins’ translation “at a reasonable price for I do not want it at virtu rates.”
Hamatreya apparently inspired by a passage from the Vishnu Purana.
Here is the land,
Shaggy with wood,
With its old valley,
Mound and flood.
‘But the heritors?--
Fled like the flood's foam.
The lawyer, and the laws,
And the kingdom,
Clean swept herefrom.
They called me theirs,
Who so controlled me;
Yet every one
Wished to stay, and is gone,
How am I theirs,
If they cannot hold me,
But I hold them?
1850 Horace Wilson publishes the first English translation of the Rig Veda. Wilson is the first holder of Oxford’s Boden Chair, established “to promote the translation of the Scriptures into English, so as to enable his countrymen to proceed in the conversion of the natives of India to the Christian religion.”
1851 Herman Melville, Moby Dick. Melville draws some of his imagery from Hindu myth.
1855 Literary journalist Bayard Taylor (1825-1878), one of the first American travelers in India, A Visit to India, China and Japan in the Year 1853.
1856 Emerson composes Brahma, inspired by the Bhagavad Gita and Katha Upanishad.
If the red slayer thinks he slays, If you think that this Self can kill If the slayer thinks it slays;
Or if the slain thinks that he is slain, or think that it can be killed, If the one who is slain thinks it is
They know not well the subtle ways you do not well understand slain:
I keep, and pass, and turn again. reality’s subtle ways. Neither of them understands.
Opening lines of Brahma Bhagavad Gita 2.19 It does not slay, nor is it slain.
(trans Stephen Mitchell) Katha Upanishad 2.19
(trans Valerie Roebuck)
1861 Lahiri Mahasaya (1828-1895) is instructed by his guru, Mahavatar Babaji, to revive the lost practice of Kriya Yoga and teach it to the world. Kriya Yoga will be spread to the US by Paramahamsa Yogananda, who arrives in Boston in 1920.
1869 Hindu reformer Protap Chunder Majumdar (1840-1905) researches the ideals of the Brahmo Samaj in relations to those of Christianity. The result is published as The Oriental Christ. Majumdar will lecture in the US in 1883, mostly to Unitarian audiences, then attend the World Parliament of Religion in 1893 as a delegate of the Samaj.
1871 Walt Whitman composes "Passage to India” for the 1871 edition of Leaves of Grass
Passage to more than India!
Are thy wings plumed indeed for such far flights?
O Soul, voyagest thou indeed on voyages like these?
Disportest thou on waters such as these?
Soundest below the Sanscrit and the Vedas?
Then have thy bent unleash’d.
1872 John Greenleaf Whittier composes The Brewing of Soma, which describes the preparation of the sacred drink used during the Vedic sacrifice. The last part of the poem is adopted
as a Protestant hymn.
Breathe through the heats of our desire
Thy coolness and Thy balm;
Let sense be dumb, let flesh retire;
Speak through the earthquake, wind, and fire,
O still, small voice of calm!
1875 H. Blavatsky and H. Olcott found the Theosophical Society in New York City; three years later they move their headquarters to Adyar, India
1879 Ex-President Ulysses S. Grant visits India during a world tour. After a royal welcome in Bombay, the General goes to Agra to see the Taj Mahal, which he calls the “most striking amongst the many wondrous things we have seen in Hindostan.” He then proceeds to Jaipur, Delhi, Banaras, and ends his tour in Calcutta. On his last night in India, at dinner with his British hosts, it’s reported (by Lord Lytton, then Viceroy of India) that US got “drunk as a fiddle,” and showed he could be as “profligate as a lord.” With his wife “incommoded” and out of the picture, he “fumbled Mrs A., kissed the shrieking Miss B., pinched the plump Mrs C. black and blue, and ran at Miss D. with intent to ravish her.”
1879 Amos Bronson Alcott (an early proponent of organic food) arranges an American reprint of Englishman Edwin Arnold’s The Light of Asia, a poetic biography of Gautama
Buddha. The book runs through 83 American editions and sells over a million copies in England and the US. It’s eventually turned into a Broadway play.
1883 Phillips Brooks (1835-1893), called the “greatest American preacher of the nineteenth century” (and author of the hymn “O Little Town of Bethlehem”), travels in India
1885 Edwin Arnold publishes The Song Celestial, a blank verse rendition of the Bhagavad Gita, exactly 100 years after Wilkins’ translation.
1889 William Q Judge, head of the American branch of the Theosophical Society, publishes a commentary on the Yoga Sutra
1890 Rama Prasad publishes Nature’s Finer Forces, a collection of articles that first appeared in The Theosophist magazine. It’s one of the first (if not the first) yoga instruction book.
1893 World Parliament of Religion at the Chicago World’s Fair (celebrating the 400th anniversary of Columbus’s “discovery” of the New World). Speakers include Swami
Vivekananda.
THE TRUNK (1900-1950)
1902 T. Edison produces first American film about India, Hindoo Fakir
A remarkable and mystifying picture, showing a Hindoo Fakir going through a series of tricks. He produces a lovely woman by simply waving his hand in the air. He then sticks four swords in the platform and lays the woman at full length upon their upright handles, and then with a fifth sword he knocks the four from under her and they mysteriously disappear, but the woman stays in her original position, apparently suspended in mid-air with nothing but the atmosphere as a support. A set of butterfly wings seems to grow on her shoulders, and she flies about the stage in a most mysterious manner and then fades away in space.
1902 Premanand Bharati in US, forerunner of Krishna Consciousness movement (in the 1970s); Rama Tirtha in US
1903 Yogi Ramacharaka (pseudonym of William Atkinson) writes first book on yoga, Hindu Yogi Science of Breath, at least a dozen more follow over the next 6 years Pierre Bernard (aka “Oom the Omnipotent,”the “Father of American Yoga”)
1905 Asiatic Exclusion League formed for the “preservation of the Caucasian race upon American soil”; constitution describes Asians as “unassimilable”
1911 Radha Soami Satsang established various chapters in the America based on Hindu sound yoga and a variety of esoteric ideas, and these centers were later developed by Carpal Singh (a Radha Soami master) in a large center in New York.
1917 Fear of the “Hindu invasion” leads to passing of Barred Zone Act, excluding Asian Indians from emigrating to US. By 1940, only 2400 Indians reside in US.
1919 Shri Yogendra in US, founds the Yoga Institute on Bear Mountain, in Harriman, near Tuxedo Park, formally opens in June 1920
1920 Blanche de Vries (wife of P. Bernard) teaches hatha yoga in Nyack, NY; Paramahamsa Yogananda arrives in Boston; Nicholas and Helena Roerich in US, found the Agni Yoga Society in NYC (1946)
1921 First Yoga documentary at Paramount Studios P. Madhavadasaji, who worked to present Yoga as a “science” dies at 133
1923 Swami Prabhavananda in US
1924 US immigration laws impose 200-per year quota on Indian immigration, slowing Indian spiritual impulse in America
1926 Indian Nobel Laureate S. Radhakrishnan lectures at the University of Chicago. S.N. Dasgupta lectures at Northwestern University
1929 J. Krishnamurti disbands Order of the Star in the East
1931 Meher Baba (“Compassionate Father”), the Hindu-Sufi mystic and teacher arrives in US on the first of 13 trips. Had taken a vow of silence in 1925, and for 44 years until his death communicates only by spelling words on an alphabet board and through signs and hand gestures; founds Meher Spiritual Center, in Myrtle Beach, SC (1950s)
1936 Franklin Merrell-Wolff (1888-1985) achieves initial self-realization through the study of Shankara; later reports on his experience in Pathways Through to Space; R Hittleman begins study of yoga with Hindu maintenance man employed by his parents at a getaway in the Catskills. Continues practice while attending school and, after receiving his Masters Degree from Columbia University Teachers College, embarks on a lengthy period of intensive study with Hindu gurus. During these years he developed “Yoga For Health” system.
1938 Carl Jung goes to India; writes that Yoga is inappropriate for Westerners; Bishnu Ghosh, Yogananda’s brother, teaches Hatha Yoga in US with his student, Buddhabose; Cole Porter studies to yoga to help him recover from riding accident
1940 Mae West in the news for studying yoga
1946 Luce-Celler bill removes Indians from the Asiatic barred zone, grants Asian Indians naturalization rights
1947 German-born yogi Ernst Haeckel teaches Hatha Yoga at Orient Occident Associates Ashram, Santa Barbara; Indra Devi (born Eugenie Peterson, aka Mataji, the “First Lady of Yoga”) in US
1950 R. Hittleman teaches hatha yoga in NYC
1953 Renee Taylor opens yoga studio in Hollywood; Yogi Gupta (aka Swami Kailashananda) arrives in Chicago; Swami Sivananda begins sending Swamis to US, including Satchidananda, Vishnudevananda, Sivananda Radha, first Western female Swami
J. D. Salinger’s “Teddy” published in the New Yorker depicts an enlightened child who sees the world as “God pouring God into God,” an image from the Bhagavad-Gita
1955 Ramamurti Mishra, neurosurgeon, psychiatrist, arrives in US, founds Yoga Society of NY (1958), Ananda Ashram, Monroe, NY (1964), and the Yoga Society of San Francisco (1974); Walt and Magnana Baptiste open San Francisco Yoga Studio; Satyajit Ray’s debut film, Pather Panchanli premieres at the New York Museum of Modern Art and wins the Cannes Award for “best human documentary” in 1956; Tabla master Ali Akbar Khan plays on Alistair Cooke’s “Omnibus,” the first Indian classical musician to record a television performance in the US. Violinist Yehudi Menuhin calls him the “greatest musician in the world.”
1956 Marilyn Monroe reported to do yoga "to improve her legs"
1957 Swami Vishnu-devananda, the “Flying Swami,” arrives in US to teach Yoga; R. Hittleman opens first yoga school in Florida; Maharishi Mahesh Yogi arrives in San Francisco to teach his “Transcendental Meditation Program”
1960 Amrit Desai arrives in Philadelphia; R. Hittleman begins his television program “Yoga for Health,” in Los Angeles
1964 Sri Chinmoy arrives in NYC, teaches “Path of the Heart,” a synthesis of the three traditional Yogas of devotion (bhakti), intuitive wisdom (jnana), and selfless social action (karma).
1965 US immigration lifts quota for educated Indians, admissions increases from 6000 to 30,000 in 1969; by 2001 there 1.5 million Indian residents and 117 Hindu temples in the US, requiring a change in orthodoxy to allow deity idols outside India; AC Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada arrives in NYC, founds International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), popularly called the Hare Krishnas. In New York, Bhaktivedanta contacted Dr. Ramamurti Mishra, a teacher of Indian philosophy on New York's West Side. Dr. Mishra helped Bhaktivedanta get settled in New York, providing him with temporary living quarters.
While filming “Help!” in the Bahamas, Beatle George Harrison receives a copy of Swami Vishnu-devananda’s book, begins to study Yoga. The Fab Four go to India three years later to meditate with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi but leave disillusioned. The Maharishi is immortalized in the song “Sexy Sadie”; fellow disciple Mia Farrow’s sister, Prudence, who hid herself in her room during the Boys stay, is also serenaded.
Sexy Sadie what have you done?
You made a fool of everyone
You made a fool of everyone
Sexy Sadie ooh what have you done?
Sexy Sadie you broke the rules ...
Dear Prudence, won’t you come out to play?
Dear Prudence, greet the brand new day
The sun is up, the sky is blue
It’s beautiful and so are you
Dear Prudence, won’t you come out to play?
1966 Satchidananda arrives in NYC.
1967 Ganga White opens Center for Yoga, LA
1968 Kriyananda founds Ananda Cooperative Village, Nevada City, CA; J. Kramer first yogi-in-residence at Esalen
1969 Woodstock: Satchidananda leads benediction. “He sat on a white bedspread surrounded by microphones and offered the opening blessing at that epochal event in upstate New York, calling music ‘the celestial sound that controls the whole universe.’”
1969 Yogi Bhajan arrives in LA, “to create teachers, not to gain students.” Founds the 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization) Foundation; Swami Rama arrives in Chicago
1970 Swami Muktananda arrives in San Francisco, a disciple of Bhagawan Nityananda; Bikram Choudhury, four-time winner of National India Yoga Championship, arrives in US, opens his first Yoga school in Hollywood, CA, founds Yoga College of India, LA; Lilias Folan begins television Lilias, Yoga & You; Rama Vernon founds Bay Area Yoga Teachers Association, SF; Richard Alpert, (Baba Ram Dass), tours college campuses, preaching Hindu philosophy and HY
1971 Baba Hari Dass arrives in US, later develops Mt. Madonna Yoga Community; Vijayendra Pratap, student of Swami Kuvalayananda, founds SKY Foundation for Physiological Studies of Yoga, Philadelphia
1973 BKS Iyengar first trip to US; Iyengar Yoga Institute opens in SF
1975 Pattahi Jois teaches vinyasa yoga of Yoga Korunta to US as “Ashtanga Yoga”; S. Viganananda establishes Prana Yoga Ashram, Berkeley; Bo Lozoff begins Prison Ashram services
1976 TKV Desikachar begins teaching hatha yoga in US, at Colgate U, NY
1977 S. Kripalvananda, shaktipat-kundalini guru arrives in US; R Hittleman founds Yoga Universal Church, Rapid City, SD, under the auspices of Universal Life Church, Modesto, CA
SIGNIFICANT TRANSLATIONS (1580-1920)
1582 Emperor Akbar orders the translation of the Mahabharata into Persian
1651 Abraham Roger, a Dutch missionary, Open Door to the Hidden Heathendom, a survey of ancient Brahmin literature, religion, customs
1699 Johann Ernst Hanxleden (d. 1732), a German Jesuit, arrives in India and spends the next 30 years in the Malabar Mission; writes the first Sanskrit grammar in a European language (Latin), Grammatical Granthamia seu Samserdumica, though this work was never published
1787 Charles Wilkins translates the Hitopadesha (“Amicable Instruction”), a book of fables
1790 Father Paulinus a Sancto Bartholomeo, a Portuguese missionary in Malabar from 1776 to 1789, draws on Hanxleden’s work, and publishes a Sanskrit grammar
1791 Sacontala, translated into German, inspires the German poet Goethe:
Would’st thou the young years blossoms
And fruits of its decline
And all by which the soul is charmed
Enraptured, feasted and fed
Would’st thou the earth and heaven
Itself in one sole name combine
I name thee O Shakuntala and all
At once is said!
1792 William Jones translates Ritusamhara by Kalidasa (Patrol of the Stations)
1794 W Jones translates the Institutes of Hindu Law, or Ordinances of Manu, commonly called the Laws of Manu.
1801 Anquetil-Duperron, 50 Upanishads translated from Persian into Latin
1802 Kirtee Bass, Ramayana
1805 The first important study of Indian literature and rites was made by Colebrooke; his Miscellaneous Essays on the Sacred Writings and Religion of the Hindus becomes a classic in this new field of research
1806-1810 W. Carey and J. Marshman, Ramayana
1808 Wilkins publishes a Sanskrit grammar; Sanskrit type is used for the first time in Europe, carved and cast by Wilkins himself
1820 Ram Mohan Roy, The Precepts of Jesus: Guide to Peace and Happiness
1823 August Wilhelm von Schlegel publishes a critical edition of the Bhagavad-Gita, with a Latin translation appended; declares that “this episode of the Mahabharata is the most beautiful, nay perhaps even the only true philosophical poem which we can find in all the literatures known to us”
1837 Arthur A. Macdonell, Samkhya Karika by Ishvara Krishna
1838 Friedrich Rosen, first eight chapters (out of 10) of the Rig-Veda (dies before finishing the project)
1840 Horace H. Wilson, Vishnu Purana
1840 Eugene Burnouf, Bhagavata Purana
1849-1873 Max Muller, Rig Veda (commentary by Sayana)
1851 M. Monier-Williams (1819-99), English-Sanskrit Dictionary. His completed Sanskrit-English Dictionary is released in 1899 after three decades of work.
1858-70 John Muir, Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India, their Religions and Institutions
1858 India and Its Inhabitants presents the missionary view of India as desperately inferior to the West, twenty college presidents praise the book
1870-1874 Ralph T. H. Griffith, Ramayana
1877 Vasaka Bhuvana Chandra, Gheranda Samhita
1881 Rajendra Lal Mitra, Yoga Sutra
1883 Richard Burton, Kama Sutra by Vatsyayana
1883-1896 Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Mahabharata
1884 Shri Chandra Vasu, Shiva Samhita
1885 Edwin Arnold, The Song Celestial, a blank verse rendition of the Bhagavad Gita, exactly 100 years after Wilkins’ translation.
1885 James R. Ballantyne, Samkhya Sutras, by Kapila
1888 Rai Bahadur Siris Chandra Vasu, Shiva-Samhita
1889 Rai Bahadur Siris Chandra Vasu, Hatha Yoga Pradipika by Svatmarama
1890 George Thibaut, Vedanta Sutras (part 1, 1896 part 2, 1904 part 3)
1897 Maurice Bloomfield, Atharva Veda
1898 Romesh Dutt, Mahabharata (condensed into English verse)
1914 James H. Woods, The Yoga System of Patanjali, a translation of the Yoga-Sutra
YOGA INSTRUCTION MANUALS BI (BEFORE IYENGAR: 1966)
1890 Rama Prasad, Nature’s Finer Forces: The Science of Breath and the Philosophy of the Tattvas
1902 Swami Abhedananda, Vedanta Philosophy or How to be a Yogi
YOGI RAMACHARAKA (William Walker Atkinson, 1862-1932)
1903 Hindu Science of Breath
Fourteen Lessons in Yoga Philosophy and Oriental Occultism
1904 Advanced Course in Yogi Philosophy and Oriental Occultism
Hatha Yoga, or the Yogi Philosophy of Physical Well-Being
1905 Hindu Yogi Breathing Exercises
1906 Series of Lessons in Gnani Yoga
Series of Lessons in Raja Yoga
Science of Psychic Healing
1907 Bhagavad Gita or the Message of the Master (compilation)
Mystic Christianity or the Inner Teachings of the Master
Spirit of the Upanishads (compilation)
1909 The Hindu Yogi Practical Water Cure
???? Philosophies and Religions of India
1908 Ella Adelia Fletcher, Law of the Rhythmic Breath
1909 Hashnu Hara, Practical Yoga and Persian Magic
1911 Swami AP Mukerji, Yoga Lessons for Developing Spiritual Consciousness
James Ingall Wedgewood, Meditation for Beginners
1915 Walter Gorn Old, The Yoga of Yama: What Death Said
1920 Hereward Carrington, Higher Psychical Development or Yoga Philosophy
1921 Charles Wase, Inner Teaching and Yoga
1922 Swami AP Mukerji, Doctrine and Practice of Yoga
1927 Yogi Wassan, Secrets of the Himalayan Mountain Masters ...
L. Adams Beck, A Beginner’s Book of Yoga
? Vasant Rele, The Mysterious Kundalini
1928 Harold Werner, Self-mastery Through Self-taught Yoga
Yogi Bhikshu, Karma Yoga (Yogi Publication)
Books by ERNEST WOOD
1927 Raja Yoga
1931 The Occult Training of the Hindus
1948? Practical Yoga, Ancient and Modern
1959? Yoga
1933 Claude Bragdon, An Introduction to Yoga
Michael Juste, A New Yoga System
1935 KV Mulbagala, The Popular Practice of Yoga
1937 Francis Yeats-Brown, Yoga Explained
Charles Haanel, Amazing Secrets of the Yogi and the Gateway to Prosperity
Felix Guyot, Yoga for the West
Felix Guyot, Yoga: The Science of Health
Josephine Ransom, Self-Realization Through Yoga and Mysticism
1943 Claude Bragdon, Yoga for You
1947 Sri Deva Ram Sukul, Yoga Navajivan
Sri Deva Ram Sukul, Yoga and Self-culture
Books by INDRA DEVI
1948 Yoga for You
1953 Forever Young, Forever Healthy
1959 Yoga for Americans
1963 Renew Your Life Through Yoga
1950 Theos Bernard, Hatha Yoga
Swami Narayanananda, The Primal Power in Man
Books by DESMOND DUNNE
1952 Yoga for Everyone
1953 Yoga: The Way to Long Life and Happiness
1961 Yoga Made Easy
Books by HARVEY DAY
1953 The Study and Practice of Yoga
1954 About Yoga
1965? The Breath of Life
1967 Practical Yoga
1957 Yogi Vitahaldas, The Yoga System of Health and Relief From Tension
Health Research, ed. The Practice of Yoga as Taught in the East and the West
1958 Yogi Gupta (Sri Swami Kailashananda), Yoga and Long Life
1959 Clara Spring and Madeleine Goss, Yoga for Today
Rammurti Mishra, Fundamentals of Yoga
1960 Arthur Liebers, Relax with Yoga
Books by Swami VISHNU-DEVANANDA
1960 The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga
???? Mantras and Meditation
???? Learn Yoga in a Weekend
1960? Paul Duke, The Yoga of Health, Youth, and Joy
1961 Yogi Gupta, Yoga and Yogic Powers
1962 Richard Hittleman, Yoga at Home
1964 Richard Hittleman, Yoga, Philosophy and Meditation
1965 William Zorn, True Yoga
Jess Stern, Yoga, Youth, and Reincarnation
Jean-Marie Dechanet, Yoga in Ten Lessons
1966 Wallace Slater, Hatha Yoga
Books by RICHARD HITTLEMANN
???? Richard Hittleman’s Yoga
???? Richard Hittleman’s Introduction to Yoga
???? Yoga for Health
???? RH Guide to Meditation
???? RH 30 Day Yoga Meditation Plan
???? Yoga: The 8 Steps to Health and Peace
???? Weight control through Yoga
???? RH Guide for the Seeker
???? Yoga Philosophy and Meditation
???? RH Yoga for Total Fitness
???? The Yoga Way to Figure and Facial Beauty
???? Be Young With Yoga
???? Yoga for Physical Fitness
???? Yoga for Personal Living
???? The Yoga Way
???? Yoga USA
???? Yoga for Special Problems
1966 BKS IYENGAR, LIGHT ON YOGA
1784 Hannah Adams, An Alphabetical Compendium of the Various Sects Which Have Appeared from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Present Day, includes 30 pages on Hinduism
1785 Beginning of direct trade between India and the US. EIC “writer” Charles Wilkins translates the Bhagavad Gita into English
1789 English scholar and EIC employee William “Oriental” Jones publishes his translation of Kalidasa’s Sacontala; or the Fatal Ring: an Indian Drama (the first Indian drama translated into a foreign language). He calls Kalidasa the “Shakespeare of India” and praises the play as “one of the greatest curiosities that the literature of Asia has yet brought to light.”
1790 Thomas Jefferson acquires a copy of Jones’s translation. By 1792 copies are available in the Harvard University Library and the Cleveland Public Library.
1790 The earliest recorded sighting of Indian native in US. The Unitarian minister William Bentley of Salem, MA, writes in his diary that he had:
... the pleasure of seeing for the first time a native of the Indies from Madras. He is of very dark complexion [sic], long straight black hair, soft countenance, tall, and well proportioned. He is said to be darker than Indians in general of his own cast [sic] ...
1799 Joseph Priestley, Comparison of the Institutions of Moses with Those of the Hindoos and Other Ancient Nations, usually credited with being the first study of comparative religion, although Hannah Adams’ Compendium was published 15 years earlier.
1805 Act 1 of Shakuntala published in the literary journal The Monthly Anthology and Boston Review (a forerunner of the North American Review). It’s the first time an English translation of a Sanskrit work (made by William Jones) is printed in the US. Among its contributors is Unitarian minister William Emerson (1769-1811), Ralph Waldo’s father. William had a keen interest in India, as did his sister Mary Moody Emerson, who’s credited with passing this interest on to favorite nephew Ralph Waldo.
1812 The first American Protestant missionaries leave for India.
ca. 1813-1818 Former President John Adams studies Hinduism.
1816 Ram Mohan Roy translates the Isa Upanishad into English, the first Indian to translate a Sanskrit work into English
1833 The first shipment of ice leaves the US for Calcutta. Exported by the “Ice King,” Frederick Tudor (brother of William Tudor, co-founder of The Monthly Anthology), the ice is wrapped in felt and packed in pine sawdust aboard the SS Tuscany
1836-1866 The Transcendental Movement flourishes in Concord, MA. Members include RW Emerson and HD Thoreau, Unitarian Minister James Freeman Clark, teacher and philosopher Amos Bronson Alcott, and Margaret Fuller. Their major influence is the spiritual literature of India.
1842 American Oriental Society founded, now studies philology, literary criticism, textual criticism, paleography, epigraphy, linguistics, biography, archaeology, and the history of the intellectual and imaginative aspects of Oriental civilizations, especially of philosophy, religion, folklore and art
1842-1843 Emerson (assisted by Thoreau) edits The Dial, a Transcendentalist magazine. In a regular column, “Ethnical Scriptures,” he publishes selections from the Hitopadesha and the Laws of Manu.
1845? Emerson borrows a copy of Bhagavad Gita from a friend (biographer and literary executor) James Elliot Cabot. Holds onto copy as long as he can. He writes to Cabot: “I have tried to once or twice to send it home, but each time decided to strain a little your courteous professions that you could supply your occasional use of the book from the Library.” Finally returns book September 1845, only after his copy from London arrives, sent by John Chapman, to whom he had written the previous May, requesting the Wilkins’ translation “at a reasonable price for I do not want it at virtu rates.”
Hamatreya apparently inspired by a passage from the Vishnu Purana.
Here is the land,
Shaggy with wood,
With its old valley,
Mound and flood.
‘But the heritors?--
Fled like the flood's foam.
The lawyer, and the laws,
And the kingdom,
Clean swept herefrom.
They called me theirs,
Who so controlled me;
Yet every one
Wished to stay, and is gone,
How am I theirs,
If they cannot hold me,
But I hold them?
1850 Horace Wilson publishes the first English translation of the Rig Veda. Wilson is the first holder of Oxford’s Boden Chair, established “to promote the translation of the Scriptures into English, so as to enable his countrymen to proceed in the conversion of the natives of India to the Christian religion.”
1851 Herman Melville, Moby Dick. Melville draws some of his imagery from Hindu myth.
1855 Literary journalist Bayard Taylor (1825-1878), one of the first American travelers in India, A Visit to India, China and Japan in the Year 1853.
1856 Emerson composes Brahma, inspired by the Bhagavad Gita and Katha Upanishad.
If the red slayer thinks he slays, If you think that this Self can kill If the slayer thinks it slays;
Or if the slain thinks that he is slain, or think that it can be killed, If the one who is slain thinks it is
They know not well the subtle ways you do not well understand slain:
I keep, and pass, and turn again. reality’s subtle ways. Neither of them understands.
Opening lines of Brahma Bhagavad Gita 2.19 It does not slay, nor is it slain.
(trans Stephen Mitchell) Katha Upanishad 2.19
(trans Valerie Roebuck)
1861 Lahiri Mahasaya (1828-1895) is instructed by his guru, Mahavatar Babaji, to revive the lost practice of Kriya Yoga and teach it to the world. Kriya Yoga will be spread to the US by Paramahamsa Yogananda, who arrives in Boston in 1920.
1869 Hindu reformer Protap Chunder Majumdar (1840-1905) researches the ideals of the Brahmo Samaj in relations to those of Christianity. The result is published as The Oriental Christ. Majumdar will lecture in the US in 1883, mostly to Unitarian audiences, then attend the World Parliament of Religion in 1893 as a delegate of the Samaj.
1871 Walt Whitman composes "Passage to India” for the 1871 edition of Leaves of Grass
Passage to more than India!
Are thy wings plumed indeed for such far flights?
O Soul, voyagest thou indeed on voyages like these?
Disportest thou on waters such as these?
Soundest below the Sanscrit and the Vedas?
Then have thy bent unleash’d.
1872 John Greenleaf Whittier composes The Brewing of Soma, which describes the preparation of the sacred drink used during the Vedic sacrifice. The last part of the poem is adopted
as a Protestant hymn.
Breathe through the heats of our desire
Thy coolness and Thy balm;
Let sense be dumb, let flesh retire;
Speak through the earthquake, wind, and fire,
O still, small voice of calm!
1875 H. Blavatsky and H. Olcott found the Theosophical Society in New York City; three years later they move their headquarters to Adyar, India
1879 Ex-President Ulysses S. Grant visits India during a world tour. After a royal welcome in Bombay, the General goes to Agra to see the Taj Mahal, which he calls the “most striking amongst the many wondrous things we have seen in Hindostan.” He then proceeds to Jaipur, Delhi, Banaras, and ends his tour in Calcutta. On his last night in India, at dinner with his British hosts, it’s reported (by Lord Lytton, then Viceroy of India) that US got “drunk as a fiddle,” and showed he could be as “profligate as a lord.” With his wife “incommoded” and out of the picture, he “fumbled Mrs A., kissed the shrieking Miss B., pinched the plump Mrs C. black and blue, and ran at Miss D. with intent to ravish her.”
1879 Amos Bronson Alcott (an early proponent of organic food) arranges an American reprint of Englishman Edwin Arnold’s The Light of Asia, a poetic biography of Gautama
Buddha. The book runs through 83 American editions and sells over a million copies in England and the US. It’s eventually turned into a Broadway play.
1883 Phillips Brooks (1835-1893), called the “greatest American preacher of the nineteenth century” (and author of the hymn “O Little Town of Bethlehem”), travels in India
1885 Edwin Arnold publishes The Song Celestial, a blank verse rendition of the Bhagavad Gita, exactly 100 years after Wilkins’ translation.
1889 William Q Judge, head of the American branch of the Theosophical Society, publishes a commentary on the Yoga Sutra
1890 Rama Prasad publishes Nature’s Finer Forces, a collection of articles that first appeared in The Theosophist magazine. It’s one of the first (if not the first) yoga instruction book.
1893 World Parliament of Religion at the Chicago World’s Fair (celebrating the 400th anniversary of Columbus’s “discovery” of the New World). Speakers include Swami
Vivekananda.
THE TRUNK (1900-1950)
1902 T. Edison produces first American film about India, Hindoo Fakir
A remarkable and mystifying picture, showing a Hindoo Fakir going through a series of tricks. He produces a lovely woman by simply waving his hand in the air. He then sticks four swords in the platform and lays the woman at full length upon their upright handles, and then with a fifth sword he knocks the four from under her and they mysteriously disappear, but the woman stays in her original position, apparently suspended in mid-air with nothing but the atmosphere as a support. A set of butterfly wings seems to grow on her shoulders, and she flies about the stage in a most mysterious manner and then fades away in space.
1902 Premanand Bharati in US, forerunner of Krishna Consciousness movement (in the 1970s); Rama Tirtha in US
1903 Yogi Ramacharaka (pseudonym of William Atkinson) writes first book on yoga, Hindu Yogi Science of Breath, at least a dozen more follow over the next 6 years Pierre Bernard (aka “Oom the Omnipotent,”the “Father of American Yoga”)
1905 Asiatic Exclusion League formed for the “preservation of the Caucasian race upon American soil”; constitution describes Asians as “unassimilable”
1911 Radha Soami Satsang established various chapters in the America based on Hindu sound yoga and a variety of esoteric ideas, and these centers were later developed by Carpal Singh (a Radha Soami master) in a large center in New York.
1917 Fear of the “Hindu invasion” leads to passing of Barred Zone Act, excluding Asian Indians from emigrating to US. By 1940, only 2400 Indians reside in US.
1919 Shri Yogendra in US, founds the Yoga Institute on Bear Mountain, in Harriman, near Tuxedo Park, formally opens in June 1920
1920 Blanche de Vries (wife of P. Bernard) teaches hatha yoga in Nyack, NY; Paramahamsa Yogananda arrives in Boston; Nicholas and Helena Roerich in US, found the Agni Yoga Society in NYC (1946)
1921 First Yoga documentary at Paramount Studios P. Madhavadasaji, who worked to present Yoga as a “science” dies at 133
1923 Swami Prabhavananda in US
1924 US immigration laws impose 200-per year quota on Indian immigration, slowing Indian spiritual impulse in America
1926 Indian Nobel Laureate S. Radhakrishnan lectures at the University of Chicago. S.N. Dasgupta lectures at Northwestern University
1929 J. Krishnamurti disbands Order of the Star in the East
1931 Meher Baba (“Compassionate Father”), the Hindu-Sufi mystic and teacher arrives in US on the first of 13 trips. Had taken a vow of silence in 1925, and for 44 years until his death communicates only by spelling words on an alphabet board and through signs and hand gestures; founds Meher Spiritual Center, in Myrtle Beach, SC (1950s)
1936 Franklin Merrell-Wolff (1888-1985) achieves initial self-realization through the study of Shankara; later reports on his experience in Pathways Through to Space; R Hittleman begins study of yoga with Hindu maintenance man employed by his parents at a getaway in the Catskills. Continues practice while attending school and, after receiving his Masters Degree from Columbia University Teachers College, embarks on a lengthy period of intensive study with Hindu gurus. During these years he developed “Yoga For Health” system.
1938 Carl Jung goes to India; writes that Yoga is inappropriate for Westerners; Bishnu Ghosh, Yogananda’s brother, teaches Hatha Yoga in US with his student, Buddhabose; Cole Porter studies to yoga to help him recover from riding accident
1940 Mae West in the news for studying yoga
1946 Luce-Celler bill removes Indians from the Asiatic barred zone, grants Asian Indians naturalization rights
1947 German-born yogi Ernst Haeckel teaches Hatha Yoga at Orient Occident Associates Ashram, Santa Barbara; Indra Devi (born Eugenie Peterson, aka Mataji, the “First Lady of Yoga”) in US
1950 R. Hittleman teaches hatha yoga in NYC
1953 Renee Taylor opens yoga studio in Hollywood; Yogi Gupta (aka Swami Kailashananda) arrives in Chicago; Swami Sivananda begins sending Swamis to US, including Satchidananda, Vishnudevananda, Sivananda Radha, first Western female Swami
J. D. Salinger’s “Teddy” published in the New Yorker depicts an enlightened child who sees the world as “God pouring God into God,” an image from the Bhagavad-Gita
1955 Ramamurti Mishra, neurosurgeon, psychiatrist, arrives in US, founds Yoga Society of NY (1958), Ananda Ashram, Monroe, NY (1964), and the Yoga Society of San Francisco (1974); Walt and Magnana Baptiste open San Francisco Yoga Studio; Satyajit Ray’s debut film, Pather Panchanli premieres at the New York Museum of Modern Art and wins the Cannes Award for “best human documentary” in 1956; Tabla master Ali Akbar Khan plays on Alistair Cooke’s “Omnibus,” the first Indian classical musician to record a television performance in the US. Violinist Yehudi Menuhin calls him the “greatest musician in the world.”
1956 Marilyn Monroe reported to do yoga "to improve her legs"
1957 Swami Vishnu-devananda, the “Flying Swami,” arrives in US to teach Yoga; R. Hittleman opens first yoga school in Florida; Maharishi Mahesh Yogi arrives in San Francisco to teach his “Transcendental Meditation Program”
1960 Amrit Desai arrives in Philadelphia; R. Hittleman begins his television program “Yoga for Health,” in Los Angeles
1964 Sri Chinmoy arrives in NYC, teaches “Path of the Heart,” a synthesis of the three traditional Yogas of devotion (bhakti), intuitive wisdom (jnana), and selfless social action (karma).
1965 US immigration lifts quota for educated Indians, admissions increases from 6000 to 30,000 in 1969; by 2001 there 1.5 million Indian residents and 117 Hindu temples in the US, requiring a change in orthodoxy to allow deity idols outside India; AC Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada arrives in NYC, founds International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), popularly called the Hare Krishnas. In New York, Bhaktivedanta contacted Dr. Ramamurti Mishra, a teacher of Indian philosophy on New York's West Side. Dr. Mishra helped Bhaktivedanta get settled in New York, providing him with temporary living quarters.
While filming “Help!” in the Bahamas, Beatle George Harrison receives a copy of Swami Vishnu-devananda’s book, begins to study Yoga. The Fab Four go to India three years later to meditate with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi but leave disillusioned. The Maharishi is immortalized in the song “Sexy Sadie”; fellow disciple Mia Farrow’s sister, Prudence, who hid herself in her room during the Boys stay, is also serenaded.
Sexy Sadie what have you done?
You made a fool of everyone
You made a fool of everyone
Sexy Sadie ooh what have you done?
Sexy Sadie you broke the rules ...
Dear Prudence, won’t you come out to play?
Dear Prudence, greet the brand new day
The sun is up, the sky is blue
It’s beautiful and so are you
Dear Prudence, won’t you come out to play?
1966 Satchidananda arrives in NYC.
1967 Ganga White opens Center for Yoga, LA
1968 Kriyananda founds Ananda Cooperative Village, Nevada City, CA; J. Kramer first yogi-in-residence at Esalen
1969 Woodstock: Satchidananda leads benediction. “He sat on a white bedspread surrounded by microphones and offered the opening blessing at that epochal event in upstate New York, calling music ‘the celestial sound that controls the whole universe.’”
1969 Yogi Bhajan arrives in LA, “to create teachers, not to gain students.” Founds the 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization) Foundation; Swami Rama arrives in Chicago
1970 Swami Muktananda arrives in San Francisco, a disciple of Bhagawan Nityananda; Bikram Choudhury, four-time winner of National India Yoga Championship, arrives in US, opens his first Yoga school in Hollywood, CA, founds Yoga College of India, LA; Lilias Folan begins television Lilias, Yoga & You; Rama Vernon founds Bay Area Yoga Teachers Association, SF; Richard Alpert, (Baba Ram Dass), tours college campuses, preaching Hindu philosophy and HY
1971 Baba Hari Dass arrives in US, later develops Mt. Madonna Yoga Community; Vijayendra Pratap, student of Swami Kuvalayananda, founds SKY Foundation for Physiological Studies of Yoga, Philadelphia
1973 BKS Iyengar first trip to US; Iyengar Yoga Institute opens in SF
1975 Pattahi Jois teaches vinyasa yoga of Yoga Korunta to US as “Ashtanga Yoga”; S. Viganananda establishes Prana Yoga Ashram, Berkeley; Bo Lozoff begins Prison Ashram services
1976 TKV Desikachar begins teaching hatha yoga in US, at Colgate U, NY
1977 S. Kripalvananda, shaktipat-kundalini guru arrives in US; R Hittleman founds Yoga Universal Church, Rapid City, SD, under the auspices of Universal Life Church, Modesto, CA
SIGNIFICANT TRANSLATIONS (1580-1920)
1582 Emperor Akbar orders the translation of the Mahabharata into Persian
1651 Abraham Roger, a Dutch missionary, Open Door to the Hidden Heathendom, a survey of ancient Brahmin literature, religion, customs
1699 Johann Ernst Hanxleden (d. 1732), a German Jesuit, arrives in India and spends the next 30 years in the Malabar Mission; writes the first Sanskrit grammar in a European language (Latin), Grammatical Granthamia seu Samserdumica, though this work was never published
1787 Charles Wilkins translates the Hitopadesha (“Amicable Instruction”), a book of fables
1790 Father Paulinus a Sancto Bartholomeo, a Portuguese missionary in Malabar from 1776 to 1789, draws on Hanxleden’s work, and publishes a Sanskrit grammar
1791 Sacontala, translated into German, inspires the German poet Goethe:
Would’st thou the young years blossoms
And fruits of its decline
And all by which the soul is charmed
Enraptured, feasted and fed
Would’st thou the earth and heaven
Itself in one sole name combine
I name thee O Shakuntala and all
At once is said!
1792 William Jones translates Ritusamhara by Kalidasa (Patrol of the Stations)
1794 W Jones translates the Institutes of Hindu Law, or Ordinances of Manu, commonly called the Laws of Manu.
1801 Anquetil-Duperron, 50 Upanishads translated from Persian into Latin
1802 Kirtee Bass, Ramayana
1805 The first important study of Indian literature and rites was made by Colebrooke; his Miscellaneous Essays on the Sacred Writings and Religion of the Hindus becomes a classic in this new field of research
1806-1810 W. Carey and J. Marshman, Ramayana
1808 Wilkins publishes a Sanskrit grammar; Sanskrit type is used for the first time in Europe, carved and cast by Wilkins himself
1820 Ram Mohan Roy, The Precepts of Jesus: Guide to Peace and Happiness
1823 August Wilhelm von Schlegel publishes a critical edition of the Bhagavad-Gita, with a Latin translation appended; declares that “this episode of the Mahabharata is the most beautiful, nay perhaps even the only true philosophical poem which we can find in all the literatures known to us”
1837 Arthur A. Macdonell, Samkhya Karika by Ishvara Krishna
1838 Friedrich Rosen, first eight chapters (out of 10) of the Rig-Veda (dies before finishing the project)
1840 Horace H. Wilson, Vishnu Purana
1840 Eugene Burnouf, Bhagavata Purana
1849-1873 Max Muller, Rig Veda (commentary by Sayana)
1851 M. Monier-Williams (1819-99), English-Sanskrit Dictionary. His completed Sanskrit-English Dictionary is released in 1899 after three decades of work.
1858-70 John Muir, Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India, their Religions and Institutions
1858 India and Its Inhabitants presents the missionary view of India as desperately inferior to the West, twenty college presidents praise the book
1870-1874 Ralph T. H. Griffith, Ramayana
1877 Vasaka Bhuvana Chandra, Gheranda Samhita
1881 Rajendra Lal Mitra, Yoga Sutra
1883 Richard Burton, Kama Sutra by Vatsyayana
1883-1896 Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Mahabharata
1884 Shri Chandra Vasu, Shiva Samhita
1885 Edwin Arnold, The Song Celestial, a blank verse rendition of the Bhagavad Gita, exactly 100 years after Wilkins’ translation.
1885 James R. Ballantyne, Samkhya Sutras, by Kapila
1888 Rai Bahadur Siris Chandra Vasu, Shiva-Samhita
1889 Rai Bahadur Siris Chandra Vasu, Hatha Yoga Pradipika by Svatmarama
1890 George Thibaut, Vedanta Sutras (part 1, 1896 part 2, 1904 part 3)
1897 Maurice Bloomfield, Atharva Veda
1898 Romesh Dutt, Mahabharata (condensed into English verse)
1914 James H. Woods, The Yoga System of Patanjali, a translation of the Yoga-Sutra
YOGA INSTRUCTION MANUALS BI (BEFORE IYENGAR: 1966)
1890 Rama Prasad, Nature’s Finer Forces: The Science of Breath and the Philosophy of the Tattvas
1902 Swami Abhedananda, Vedanta Philosophy or How to be a Yogi
YOGI RAMACHARAKA (William Walker Atkinson, 1862-1932)
1903 Hindu Science of Breath
Fourteen Lessons in Yoga Philosophy and Oriental Occultism
1904 Advanced Course in Yogi Philosophy and Oriental Occultism
Hatha Yoga, or the Yogi Philosophy of Physical Well-Being
1905 Hindu Yogi Breathing Exercises
1906 Series of Lessons in Gnani Yoga
Series of Lessons in Raja Yoga
Science of Psychic Healing
1907 Bhagavad Gita or the Message of the Master (compilation)
Mystic Christianity or the Inner Teachings of the Master
Spirit of the Upanishads (compilation)
1909 The Hindu Yogi Practical Water Cure
???? Philosophies and Religions of India
1908 Ella Adelia Fletcher, Law of the Rhythmic Breath
1909 Hashnu Hara, Practical Yoga and Persian Magic
1911 Swami AP Mukerji, Yoga Lessons for Developing Spiritual Consciousness
James Ingall Wedgewood, Meditation for Beginners
1915 Walter Gorn Old, The Yoga of Yama: What Death Said
1920 Hereward Carrington, Higher Psychical Development or Yoga Philosophy
1921 Charles Wase, Inner Teaching and Yoga
1922 Swami AP Mukerji, Doctrine and Practice of Yoga
1927 Yogi Wassan, Secrets of the Himalayan Mountain Masters ...
L. Adams Beck, A Beginner’s Book of Yoga
? Vasant Rele, The Mysterious Kundalini
1928 Harold Werner, Self-mastery Through Self-taught Yoga
Yogi Bhikshu, Karma Yoga (Yogi Publication)
Books by ERNEST WOOD
1927 Raja Yoga
1931 The Occult Training of the Hindus
1948? Practical Yoga, Ancient and Modern
1959? Yoga
1933 Claude Bragdon, An Introduction to Yoga
Michael Juste, A New Yoga System
1935 KV Mulbagala, The Popular Practice of Yoga
1937 Francis Yeats-Brown, Yoga Explained
Charles Haanel, Amazing Secrets of the Yogi and the Gateway to Prosperity
Felix Guyot, Yoga for the West
Felix Guyot, Yoga: The Science of Health
Josephine Ransom, Self-Realization Through Yoga and Mysticism
1943 Claude Bragdon, Yoga for You
1947 Sri Deva Ram Sukul, Yoga Navajivan
Sri Deva Ram Sukul, Yoga and Self-culture
Books by INDRA DEVI
1948 Yoga for You
1953 Forever Young, Forever Healthy
1959 Yoga for Americans
1963 Renew Your Life Through Yoga
1950 Theos Bernard, Hatha Yoga
Swami Narayanananda, The Primal Power in Man
Books by DESMOND DUNNE
1952 Yoga for Everyone
1953 Yoga: The Way to Long Life and Happiness
1961 Yoga Made Easy
Books by HARVEY DAY
1953 The Study and Practice of Yoga
1954 About Yoga
1965? The Breath of Life
1967 Practical Yoga
1957 Yogi Vitahaldas, The Yoga System of Health and Relief From Tension
Health Research, ed. The Practice of Yoga as Taught in the East and the West
1958 Yogi Gupta (Sri Swami Kailashananda), Yoga and Long Life
1959 Clara Spring and Madeleine Goss, Yoga for Today
Rammurti Mishra, Fundamentals of Yoga
1960 Arthur Liebers, Relax with Yoga
Books by Swami VISHNU-DEVANANDA
1960 The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga
???? Mantras and Meditation
???? Learn Yoga in a Weekend
1960? Paul Duke, The Yoga of Health, Youth, and Joy
1961 Yogi Gupta, Yoga and Yogic Powers
1962 Richard Hittleman, Yoga at Home
1964 Richard Hittleman, Yoga, Philosophy and Meditation
1965 William Zorn, True Yoga
Jess Stern, Yoga, Youth, and Reincarnation
Jean-Marie Dechanet, Yoga in Ten Lessons
1966 Wallace Slater, Hatha Yoga
Books by RICHARD HITTLEMANN
???? Richard Hittleman’s Yoga
???? Richard Hittleman’s Introduction to Yoga
???? Yoga for Health
???? RH Guide to Meditation
???? RH 30 Day Yoga Meditation Plan
???? Yoga: The 8 Steps to Health and Peace
???? Weight control through Yoga
???? RH Guide for the Seeker
???? Yoga Philosophy and Meditation
???? RH Yoga for Total Fitness
???? The Yoga Way to Figure and Facial Beauty
???? Be Young With Yoga
???? Yoga for Physical Fitness
???? Yoga for Personal Living
???? The Yoga Way
???? Yoga USA
???? Yoga for Special Problems
1966 BKS IYENGAR, LIGHT ON YOGA
